Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry,rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a tree or shrub of the genus . Despite being called black cherry, it is not very closely related to the commonly cultivated cherries such as (P. avium), (P. cerasus) and (P. serrulata,P. speciosa,P. sargentii,P. incisa, etc.) which belong to . Instead,P. serotina belongs to , a subgenus also including (P. padus) and (P. virginiana). The species is widespread and common in North America and South America.
Black cherry is closely related to the (P. virginiana); chokecherry, however, tends to be shorter (a shrub or small tree) and has smaller, less glossy leaves.
Description
Prunus serotina is a medium-sized, fast-growing forest tree growing to a height of 15–24 metres (49–79 feet). The are 5–13 centimetres (2–5 inches) long, ovate-lanceolate in shape, with finely toothed margins. Fall leaf color is yellow to red. Flowers are small, white and 5-petalled, in racemes 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long which contain several dozen flowers. The flowers give rise to reddish-black "berries" () fed on by birds, 5–10 millimetres (1⁄4–3⁄8 in) in diameter.
For about its first decade the of a black cherry tree is thin, smooth, and banded, resembling a . A mature tree has very broken, dark gray to black bark. The leaves are long and shiny, resembling a 's. An almond-like odour is released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose, revealing minute amounts of compounds produced and stored by the plant as a defense mechanism against .
Biochemistry
and apples, the seeds of black cherries contain , compounds that can be converted into , such as . These compounds release when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds.[] These enzymes include ,Ի. In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contains these compounds, it does not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.
The foliage, particularly when wilted, also contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals. Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because they often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness,[] and grazing animals' access to it should be limited.
Ecology
Prunus serotina is a . In the , it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as ,, and . Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describe P. serotina as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins". It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Fruit production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years or more. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds and bears who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in the and not germinate for as long as three years. All Prunus species have hard seeds that benefit from to germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).
Deer browse the foliage.
Pests and diseases
Further information:
P. serotina is a host of of various . The defoliates entire groves some springs.
Uses
Known as capolcuahuitl in (the source of the capuli epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico. Native Americans ate the fruit. Edible raw, the fruit is also made into jelly, and the juice can be used as a drink mixer, hence the common name 'rum cherry'.
ʰܲԳܲdzپԲ is valuable; perhaps the premier timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". High quality cherry timber is known for its strong orange hues, tight grain and high price. Low-quality wood, as well as the sap wood, can be more tan. Its density when dried is around 580 kg/m3 (36 ).[]
Prunus serotina was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an in the mid-20th century, where it has become locally . It has acted as an there, negatively affecting forest community and regeneration.
Prunus serotina subsp. capuli was cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.