Betula nigra, the听black birch,听river birch听or听water birch, is a听听辞蹿听听native to the Eastern United States from New Hampshire west to southern Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and west to Texas. It is one of the few heat-tolerant birches in a family of mostly cold-weather trees which do not thrive in USDA Zone 6 and up.听B. nigra听commonly occurs in听听补苍诲听.
Description
Betula nigra听is a听听听growing to 25鈥�30 meters (80鈥�100听ft) with a trunk 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 60听in) in diameter. The base of the tree is often divided into multiple slender trunks.
Bark
Bark characteristics of the river birch differ during its youth stage, maturation, and old growth. The bark of a young river birch can vary from having a salmon-pink to brown-gray tint and can be described as having loose layers of curling, paper thin scales. As the tree matures, the salmon-pink color is exchanged for a reddish-brown with a dark grey base color. The scales on a mature tree lack the loose curling and are closely pressed into thick, irregular plates. These scales are slightly separated from the trunk and can shift outward to the side. Once the river birch ages past maturity, the scales become thicker towards the base of the trunk and are divided in deep furrows.
Leaves and fruit
The twigs are glabrous or thinly hairy. There is an absence of terminal buds, and lateral buds often have a hook at the tip of the bud, which differs from other species in the family听.听The听听are alternate, ovate,听4鈥�8 centimeters (1+1鈦�2鈥�3+1鈦�4听in) long and听3鈥�6 centimeters (1+1鈦�4鈥�2+1鈦�4听in) broad, with a serrated margin and five to twelve pairs of veins. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green in color, while the underside can be described as having a light yellow-green color.听The leaves turn yellow in Autumn. The听听are wind-pollinated听听3鈥�6 centimeters (1+1鈦�4鈥�2+1鈦�4听in) long, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect. The听听is unusual among birches in maturing in late spring; it is composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.
Taxonomy
Betula nigra听is a tree that falls into the family of听, which is commonly known as the Birch or Alder Family. This family comprises six genera (Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya,听补苍诲听Ostryopsis)听and includes alders, birches, hornbeams, and hazelnuts. Species within this family, along with听Betula nigra, are shrubs or trees that grow along stream sides or in poorly drained soils throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Betulaceae is included within the order听, which branches from the听听clade.
Habitat and range
The river birch is often found in low-elevation regions from as north as Massachusetts to as south as northern Florida. It can be found extending west to Kansas and east to the coast where proper habitat conditions occur. As its name depicts, this birch is found along stream-sides. It can also be a prominent species found in forested wetland communities and in areas containing moist soil, such as floodplains.听States include: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
River birch is best placed in听听4-9.[]
Conservation status in the United States
It is listed as threatened in听.
Ecology
In states in which mining is prevalent, the river birch is often used for reclamation and erosion control, as it is well suited for soils that are too acidic for other species of hardwoods. In West Virginia, they have been found to establish within mine refuse sites after being blown from neighboring areas.
As the species occurs predominately in flood plains and along stream banks, it is described as being moderately tolerant of flooding. Saplings were observed to survive up to 30 days of continuous flooding in some regions. While the species is tolerant of excessive water, it is intolerant of shade. Seeds will not germinate without a large amount of direct sunlight.
This species is utilized by many local bird species, such as waterfowl, ruffed grouse, and wild turkey. Many waterfowl use the cover for nesting sites, while the ruffed grouse and wild turkey use the seeds as a food source.听Deer have been known to graze on saplings or reachable branches.听It is a larval host for over fifteen moth species, including听,听,听,听,听,听, and听.
Germination
Seeds are typically produced annually. Seasonal development begins in the fall as male catkins begin to form and mature. The emergence of female catkins corresponds with the return of leaves around early spring. Male and female fruit matures during the spring season or in the early summer months.
Once mature, the seeds are predominantly spread by wind or water from neighboring stream channels. Seeds spread by water are generally more successful as the moist banks of stream channels, where the seeds are deposited, are favorable for germination and sturdy establishment. Successful germination often occurs in large numbers along sandbars, where alluvial soil is present.
Cultivation and uses
While its native habitat is wet ground, it will grow on higher land, and its bark is quite distinctive, making it a favored ornamental tree for听. A number of听听with much whiter bark than the normal wild type have been selected for garden planting, including 'Heritage' and 'Dura Heat'; these are notable as the only white-barked birches resistant to the bronze birch borer () in warm areas of the southeastern United States of America.
听used the boiled听听as a听听similar to听, and the inner bark as a survival food.听The river birch is not typically used in the commercial lumber industry, due to knotting, but its strong, closely grained wood is sometimes used for local furniture, woodenware, and fuel.
Essential oils
The听听derived from leaves, inner bark, and buds of听B. nigra听are mostly composed of听,听,听, and听听with many more compounds in smaller concentrations.听The combined essential oils are听听to听听(Lactuca sativa) and听听(Lolium perenne) seedlings. They have also demonstrated听,听, and听听properties.
